Signs, Symptoms and Risk Factors
It’s common for women to feel uncertain about changes in their bodies. In many whānau, talking openly about symptoms and family history helps everyone know when to seek help.
Why it matters
Signs, symptoms, and risk factors of gynae cancers can vary by type, and some may overlap with other medical conditions. Staying informed empowers you to make proactive choices and seek timely care.1
Recognise signs and symptoms early
Many gynae cancers are more treatable when found at an early stage.1
Take control of your health
Staying informed empowers you to make proactive choices and seek timely care.
Learn what’s normal and what’s not
You know your body best – recognising warning signs can help you respond quickly without unnecessary worry.
Support your loved ones
Share this knowledge with friends or family to encourage regular check-ups and screenings.
Common signs and symptoms of gynae cancers
Symptoms vary by cancer type, but common signs could include:2,3
- Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge
- Pain in the tummy (abdomen) or pelvic area
- Pain during sexual intercourse
- Itchy skin around the opening to the vagina
- Difficulty peeing (passing urine)
- Changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhoea)
- Persistent bloating or feeling full
- Unexplained weight changes
- Fatigue or feeling very tired
download
a Body Map to fill and share with your healthcare provider
download
a Body Map to fill and share with your healthcare provider
Risk factors related to gynae cancers
Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing gynaecological cancers:
| RISK FACTOR | DETAILS |
|---|---|
| Age | Risk increases as you get older.3 |
| Weight | Obesity is strongly linked to endometrial cancer and the rising incidence in New Zealand.4 |
| Lifestyle Factors | Smoking, poor diet, and low physical activity contribute to increased risk.2,3 |
| Hormones | Long-term use of oestrogen-only hormone replacement therapy.2 |
| Medical Conditions |
HPV infection is associated with certain gynae cancers.2 High blood pressure and diabetes is linked to endometrial cancer.4 |
| Ethnicity | Māori and Pasifika women have higher rates of uterine and ovarian cancers compared to non-Māori/non-Pasifika.4,5 |
| Family History | Genetics and family history is associated increased risk* |
*Hereditary genes such as BRCA mutations or Lynch syndrome are associated with an increased risk of endometrial and ovarian cancers.4,5
Gynae Cancers Symptom and History Checker
Take this short quiz to see if you might benefit from a chat with your GP or nurse.
Remember: having these symptoms does not mean you have gynae cancer but it’s important to get any persistent changes checked by your healthcare provider.3
Instructions: Please select all that apply
In the past 1 to 2 months, have you experienced any of the following symptoms that have lasted 2 weeks or more?
Do you know if there’s any history of cancer in your immediate family?
Below is a summary of the symptoms you have ticked:
One or more boxes ticked – what does this mean?
This doesn’t mean you have cancer, but it does mean it’s time for a check-up.
Your GP can examine you, arrange tests, and rule out anything serious.
Below is a summary of the symptoms you have ticked:
None
No boxes ticked?
That’s great! Share your new knowledge with other women in your life.
It’s always good to know your normal and check unusual things early. If you do notice any new or unusual changes in your body, it’s best to discuss with your local healthcare provider.